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Research Article | | Peer-Reviewed

Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée)

Khem Sokheng*,  Siek Darith,  Try Yorn,  Heng Muy Kim,  Leng Channy
Published in American Journal of Entomology (Volume 8, Issue 3)
Received: 26 June 2024     Accepted: 29 July 2024     Published: 15 August 2024
Views:       Downloads:
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Abstract

Biological control is one aspect of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The method focusses on natural enemies; beneficial insects are applied for biological control of agricultural insect pests and also provide an environmentally friendly approach. For the rice pests including Rice Leaf Folder (RLF), several parasitoids tend to be natural enemies that could be used to control the pest from the egg stage to pupa. This study was conducted with two varieties of rice, namely “Sen Kra Oub” and “Sro Ngea” at Battambang Province of Cambodia. Parasitoid wasps were collected from egg to pupa stages of RLF and rice yellow stem borer by rearing method, and stored in 70% of alcohol solution before sending for identification in Vietnam’s Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) Laboratory. The outcomes revealed that five hymenopteran parasitic wasps of three different families were found, viz. Apanteles cypris Nixon, Bracon onukii Watanabe and Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti) (Braconidae), Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron (Ichneumonidae), and Telenomus rowani Gahan (Scelionidae) and being the primary parasitoids of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee; stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Pyralidae) and black branded swift Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae). Parasitism was not found at the vegetative phase with Sen Kra Ob varieties but in reproductive phase. parasitism proportion was 16.66% and 28.57% to 50% in ripening phase, different from Sro Ngea variety where a proportion was found in vegetative phase 27.27%, reproductive phase at 28.57% to 40% and 28.57% to 43% in ripening phase. All the hymenopteran parasitoids were initially recorded in Cambodia, whereby all the parasitoids were potential agents for biological control for important rice insect pests. The outcome of this research suggests that the Government should invest more in the research and development for biological control in Cambodia.

Published in American Journal of Entomology (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12
Page(s) 68-75
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group
Previous article
Keywords

Biological Control, Parasitoid, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Rice Leaffolder, Battambang, Cambodia

1. Introduction
Rice is the most important and dominant crop in Cambodian agriculture and rice-based farming systems have been the backbone of Cambodia’s agriculture, with a long history
[4]
. It remains the dominant crop today with 80% of Cambodian people who are farmers. Cambodian farmers have a lot of experience in rice production and have developed various rice farming systems such as rainfed lowland rice, rainfed upland rice, deep-water rice, and irrigated dry season rice
[8, 6]
which the region experiences two difference seasons: wet season (May to October) and dry season (November to April)
[9, 10]
.
Two major factors affecting rice production are adverse weather (floods, drought, typhoons, etc.) and pest epidemics. The major insect pests that cause significant yield losses are rice leaf folders, rice bugs, leafhoppers and plant hoppers, which cause direct damage as well as transmit viruses, stem borers, and a group of defoliator species
[5]
. To control rice insect pests, Cambodian farmers have traditionally applied only chemical methods which killed not only insect pests but also their natural enemies; this results in secondary pests becoming key insect pests, insecticide residues in the product, and loss of ecological balance in the rice field
[3, 11]
. To reduce insecticide application, it is to time think about biological control. The basis of biological control is the understanding of natural enemies of insect pests. Egg parasite wasp species are known to play an important role in suppressing insect pest populations in rice ecosystems
[2]
and providing an environmentally friendly and effective method of minimizing the pest damage
[1]
, especially in places where use of broad-spectrum pesticides is avoided
[7]
. Therefore, a study to determine egg of parasite wasp composition is very important for building and starting biological control for rice production.
Objective
This study aims to identify the number of parasitic wasp eggs and determine the most important species for biological control. Specific objectives are to: (1) Record the proportion of parasitoids present in rice crops and population dynamics of egg parasitoid wasps; (2) provide a brief description of morphology of important egg parasitoids species; and (3) identify the most important egg parasitoid species for supporting applied biocontrol in rice plant and the number of egg parasitoids species in Battambang.
2. Methodology
2.1. Sampling Size and Proportion of Parasites
The area selection and sampling activities started during the main wet season from 13nd August until 30th November 2018 at Phnom Sampov Lech Village, Phnom Sampov commune, Banan district, Battambang province of Cambodia for two rice varieties “Sen Kra Ob” and “Sro Ngaie”.
Proportion of egg-wasp parasite was recorded through collection of RLF egg mass in rice plant at seven days interval from 10 days after sowing until harvesting period. Each point sampled was 5 m2; from the first sampling to next sampling, the position was slightly adjusted to ensure sampling place does not coincide with the previous point. The collection process was conducted at five points or locations in transversal rectangular as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. The area collecting egg-wasp parasite.
2.2. Data Collection
Collected eggs are kept in different test tubes with labeling by date of sampling, place of sampling, and plant host. Each sample is monitored for one week to ensure emergence of parasitoid species. Emerged parasitoids obtained from RLF eggs are preserved in 70% of alcohol solution for identification. Parasitism proportion (PR) is calculated using the equation below:
PR=Number of parasitized eggs Total Collected eggsx100%
2.3. Data Analysis
The sample of egg parasitoids wasp is identified in the laboratory at Meanchey University based on the parasite identification document from Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam. If some species are not recorded in the documents, the samples were sent to experts in IEBR to directly identify. In rare cases, the parasitoids that cannot be identified in IEBR were sent to PESTNET group (Australia) for identification.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Parasitoid Composition
There are five hymenopteran species of families Braconidae, Scelionidae and Ichneumonidae being the primary parasitiods of rice leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Pyralidae) and Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae) in Battambang Province, Cambodia.
Among the parasitic assemblages of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and rice stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas, two larval parasitoids, Apanteles cypris Nixon, Bracon onukii Watanabe, and Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti) belong to the family Braconidae. All parasitoids were recorded as parasitoids of rice RLF and Pelopidas mathias in larval stage, but Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron of the family Ichneumonidae was parasitizing the pupa stage of the leaffolder and stem borer, another parasitic wasp, Telenomus rowani Gahan (Scelionidae) was recorded as egg parasitoid of Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Pyralidae) as shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Parasitoid species reared from sample of RLF in Battambang of Cambodia.

Family

Species

Host stage

Variety

Sro Ngeai

Sen Kro Oub

Braconidae

Apanteles cypris Nixon

Larvae

+

-

Bracon onukii Watanabe

Larvae

+

+

Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti)

Larvae

+

Ichneumonidae

Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron

Pupa

+

-

Scelionidae

Telenomus rowani Gahan

Egg

+

-
3.2. Proportion of Parasitiods in Sen Kra Oub and Sro Ngea Varieties
Based on the result (Figure 2 & Figure 3), parasitoids were not found in vegetative phase with Sen Kra Oub varieties; but at the reproductive phase, parasitoid proportion was 16.66% and 28.57% to 50% in the ripening phase, and different from Sro Ngea variety where the proportion in the vegetative phase was 27.27%, reproductive phase 28.57% to 40% and 28.57% to 43% in ripening phase.
Figure 2. Proportion of parasitism on Sen Kra Oub variety.
Figure 3. Proportion of parasitoid on Sro Ngea variety.
Based on the number of parasites (Figure 4 & Figure 5) in the vegetative and ripening phases, the parasitoid was not found during vegetative phase and reproductive phase. Then it occurred during ripening phase of rice at 13.63/m2 (Figure 3). The highest dens ities of parasitoids reached its peak at 28 insect/m2 before the harvesting stage. With Sen Kra Oub varieties, the parasitoid appeared only two times during the whole rice season in Battambang. The parasitoid of rice leaf folder is present in the field and this information can be used in combination with Integrated Pest Management strategies for controlling insect pests in rice fields.
It is different from Sen Kra Oub variety, where parasitoid proportion was higher proportion than the Sro Ngea variety. It was found three times during the reproductive stage, ripening stage, and at the end of harvesting stage at 16.67%, 21.27%, and 35.71%; respectively. The reason for this could be that Sen Kra Oub is more susceptible to damage from rice leaf folder than in Sro Ngea; and the farmers used more insecticides to control rice leaf folder. This may have resulted in insecticides killing the parasitoid from an early stage.
Figure 4. Number of egg parasites in the vegetative phase.
Figure 5. Number of egg parasites in the ripening phase.
3.3. Morphology of Parasitoid
Apanteles cypris Nixon (Figure 6): Differs essentially from apacus in having tergite shorter, wider and not or have narrowed behind; the median field of tergite is, in consequence, more transverse. Disc of scutellum distinctly punctate but the punctures more obvious on anterior half. Tergite with a distinctly longitudinal channel, margined along each side. Ovipositor shape about three quarters as long as the hind tibia.
Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron (Figure 7): Head. Clypeus weakly convex; face flat; eyes converged anterior; antennae with 36 flagellar segments. Mesosoma. Notaulus short, shallow; mesoscultal crest almost present; scutellum weakly convex; anterior lower corner of pronotum with rounded angle; subtegular ridge rounded; postpectal carina simple; tubercle absent; pleural area not divided; costula complet; apical transverse carina complete; areola completely surrounded by carina; upper lateral longitudinal carina on propodeum present more than 0.5x length of outer margin of first lateral area on propodeum areola; propodeum with areola separate from second lateral area and petiolar are. Wings. Areolet of forewings closed; second recurrent vein before or in the middle of areolet; nervulus opposite with basal vein; distal hamuli 6. Legs. Apical bristles 5-6; Preapical bristles 5; inner hairs of hind tarsal claws curved, wide and blackened tip. Metasoma. Dorsolateral carina partly present, long; ovipositor tip straight; upper valve equal with lower valve; upper valve without tooth; lower valve 7 tooth. Color pattern. Mesoscutum; propodeum; coxa belakage; femur and hind tibia are yellow brownish; forewing weakly infuscate; stigma brownish; tergite 1 to 8 yellowish with brownish rhombic area. Variation. Apical bristles 4-6.
Bracon onukii Watanabe (Figure 8): Colour pattern. Reddish yellow; eyes, tips of mandibles, claws, and ovipositor-sheaths black; three lobes of mesonotum, propodeum, and the first three abdominal tergites often with black markings. Antennae yellowish brown, darken towards the apex. Wings hyaline, stigma and vein yellow. Head. Smooth and shining, antennae filoform, shorter than the body, the scape cylindrical. Thorax smooth and shining; parapsidal furrows of the mesnotum deep, reaching to the apex; mesopleural fovae broad. Second abcissa of the radius 2.5 times longer than the first; the first intercubital nervure oblique, the second vertical; 2nd cubitus 1.5 times longer than the 2nd abcissa of the radius. Legs. Normal. Propodeum almost smooth and shining, with a median longitudinal carina form apex to the middle, crossed by some transverse carinae. Abdomen rugosely reticulate dull; 1st tergite margined laterally, the median raised area round; 2nd tergite longer than the 3rd, with a fine short median carina at base; suture between the 2nd and the 3rd being broad and deep, almost straight. Ovipositor as long as half the length of abdomen 1mm. Length 3.5 mm.
Telenomus rowani Gahan (Figure 9): It is very small and slender species. metasoma long and slender, distinctly concave in dried specimens; antennae slender, rather long, four apical segments slightly enlarged to form a club, but the proximal segment not distinctly large; four basal funicle segment very short, round, each segment shorter than pedicel which is also short (a little longer than broad); head rouned, rather small, scarcely broader than thorax; length 0. 8 mm.
Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti) (Figure 10): Body light reddish brown or brownish yellow. Abdomen wider. Dorsalcarinae of 1st tergite parallel-sided or convergent in apical 2/3. 2nd tergite 1.7 – 1.8 times as long as 3rd tergite. Propodeum smooth or punctulate basally. Ovipositor sheath 0.17 – 0.2 times as long as fore wing.
Figure 6. Apanteles cypris (female).
Figure 7. Xanthopimpla flavolineata (female).
Figure 8. Telenomus rowani Gahan.
Figure 9. Bracon onukii (female).
Figure 10. Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti).
Figure 11. Micraspis spp.
Figure 12. Oxyopes lineatipes (C.L. Koch).
Figure 13. Ophionea spp.
Table 2. Parasitic Species and Distribution.

Parasitic

Host

Parasitism

Distribution

Family: Braconidae

Apanteles cypris Nixon

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Larvae

Eastern Palearctic & Oriental: Bangladesh, Philippines, India, China, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.

Bracon onukii Watanabe

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Larvae

Eastern Palearctic & Oriental: China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.

Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti)

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Larvae

Eastern Palearctic, Ethiopian, And Oriental: China, India; Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Somalia, South Africa, Vietnam.

Dolochogenidea agilis Ashmead

Pelopidas mathias

Larvae

Oriental: Philippines, Indonesia, India and Vietnam.

Tropobracon luteus Cameron

Scirpophaga incertulas Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens

Larvae

Oriental: Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, India, and Sri Lanka.

Family: Scelionidae Telenomus rowani Gahan

Scirpophaga incertulas

Egg

Japan, Korea, Formosa, China, Indo-China, Philippines, Siam and Java.

Family: Ichneumonidae

Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis

Larvae

Australasian, Oceanic, Oriental: Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea; Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam.

Casinaria colacae Sona

Parnara guttata; Pelopidas mathias

Larvae

Eastern Palaearctic & Oriental: China.
During the collection, the other natural enemies on rice insect were found (shown in Table 3): Micraspis spp. (Figure 11), Oxyopes lineatipes (C.L. Koch) (Figure 12). Ophionea spp. (Figure 13), Coccinella spp (Figure 14), Tetragnatha spp. (Figure 15) and Agriocnemis femina (Brauer) (Figure 16) and All the hymenopteran parasitoids in this study were recorded for the first time in Cambodia. Additionally, all the parasitoids revealed were the potential agents for biological control for the important rice insect pests.
Figure 14. Coccinella spp.
Figure 15. Tetragnatha spp.
Figure 16. Agriocnemis femina.
Table 3. The Other Natural Enemies in Battambang fields.

Species

Host Attract

Description

Micraspis sp.

planthopper

Oval and brightly colored in shades of red. Lady beetles are active during the day in the upper half of the rice canopy in dryland and wetland habitats.

Ophionea spp.

leaffolder larvae.

Active hard-bodied insects. Both the shiny black larvae and reddish-brown adults

Coccinella spp.

planthopper nymph.

Are black-spotted lady beetles that catch slow-moving prey. Adults are quick to fall off plants or fly when disturbed. The males can be recognized by the enlarged jaws

Tetragnatha spp.

leafhopper prey

Long legs and bodies and are commonly seen lying outstretched along a rice leaf. The eggs are laid in a mass covered in cottony silk.

Agriocnemis femina (Brauer)

leaffolder moth.

The narrow-winged damselflies are weak fliers compared with their dragonfly cousins. Males are more colorful than females. Male has a blue-green abdominal tip and sides of the thorax while the female has a greenish body.

Oxyopes lineatipes (C.L. Koch)

Planthopper, Leafhopper.

The hunters and build no webs, It is has two reddish brown and two white stripes running along the abdomen. The female guards its cocoon-like egg mass laid on foliage.
4. Conclusions
During early wet season and wet season of rice in the North West Cambodia 2018, five species of parasitoids of rice leaf folder found in the rice field; one species of parasite on egg, one species of parasite on pupae, and three species of parasites on larva. The population dynamics of the parasitoid were recorded in two rice varieties: “Sen Kra Oub” and “Sro Ngea”. The proportion of parasitoids in Sen Kra Oub was higher than in Sro Ngea varieties. This data are very useful for building an integrated pest management program and applied as a foundation for establishing biological control of rice leaf folder.
All the hymenopteran parasitoids were initially recorded in Cambodia whereby all the parasitoids presented the potential agents for biological control for important rice insect pests. The outcome of this research suggests that the Government should invest more in the research and development of biological control in Cambodia. Another suggestion is for a survey in the dry season for natural enemies and promoting integrated pest management (IPM) in Cambodia to enhance the sustainability of the environment and pesticide reduction to minimize the negative impacts on rice farmers.
Abbreviations

IEBR

Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources

IPM

Integrated Pest Management

PR

Parasitism Proportion

SKO

Sen Kra Oub Variety of Rice

SNG

Sro Ngea Variety of Rice

RLF

Rice Leaf Folder

%

Percentage
Author Contributions
Khem Sokheng: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft
Siek Darith: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Software, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Try Yorn: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing
Heng Muy Kim: Funding acquisition, Resources, Software
Leng Channy: Data curation, Investigation, Resources
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
[1] Aggarwal, N, S Sharma, and S K Jalali. 2016. “On-Farm Impact of Biocontrol Technology against Rice Stem Borer, Scircophaga iIncertulas (Walker) and Rice Leaf Folder Cnaphalocrocis mMedinalis (Guenee) in Aromatic Rice.” Entomologia Generalis 36(2): 137–48.

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?

[2] Dreistadt, S. H. 2014. Biological Control and Natural Enemies of Invertebrates. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 74140 (December): 1–6.
[3] Gurr, Geoff M. et al. 2012. “Parasitoids of the Rice Leaffolder Cnaphalocrocis mMedinalis and Prospects for Enhancing Biological Control with Nectar Plants.” Agricultural and Forest Entomology 14(1): 1–12.
[4] MAFF 2015. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Agricultural Sector Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018, Kingdom of Cambodia.
[5] Pathak, M D, and Z R Khan. 1994. 27 Tropical Pest Management Insect Pests.
[6] Romnea Pech 2013. Overview Rice Production in Cambodia. Report (March). www.nlwra.gov.au
[7] Shepard, Bm, At Barrion, and Ja Litsinger. 1987. “Friends of the Rice Farmer Helpful Insects, Spiders, and Pathogens.” Irri: 136.
[8] Siek Darith, Shiwei Xu, Wen Yu, Ahmed Abdul-Gafar. 2017. Impact of livestock Scale on Rice Production in Battambang of Cambodia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Sci. 86 012019

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/86/1/012019

[9] Siek Darith, Sun Bunna, Yu Wen, Ahmed Abdul-Gafar, Sun Emmsethakar, Siek Sourphimean and Siek Sourchhordaphear. Abiotic, Biotic and Social-economic Factor Effecting Livestock Production in Rural Cambodia. American Journal of Rural Development. 2024; 12(2): 14-19.

https://doi.org/10.12691/ajrd-12-2-1

[10] Siek, D., Emmsethakar, S., Yu, W., Xu, S., Bunna, S., Sourphimean, S., & Sourchhordaphear, S. (2024). Empirical Analysis on Economic Sustainable of Rice Rain-Fed Area in Rural Cambodia. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 12(3), 217–222.

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20241203.18

[11] Wani, Suhas P, Sharif Ahmed, and Buddhi Marambe. 2017. An Overview of Weeds and Weed Management in Rice of South Asia.
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    Sokheng, K., Darith, S., Yorn, T., Kim, H. M., Channy, L. (2024). Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée). American Journal of Entomology, 8(3), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12

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    Sokheng, K.; Darith, S.; Yorn, T.; Kim, H. M.; Channy, L. Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée). Am. J. Entomol. 2024, 8(3), 68-75. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12

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    AMA Style

    Sokheng K, Darith S, Yorn T, Kim HM, Channy L. Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée). Am J Entomol. 2024;8(3):68-75. doi: 10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12,
  author = {Khem Sokheng and Siek Darith and Try Yorn and Heng Muy Kim and Leng Channy},
  title = {Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée)
},
  journal = {American Journal of Entomology},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {68-75},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aje.20240803.12},
  abstract = {Biological control is one aspect of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The method focusses on natural enemies; beneficial insects are applied for biological control of agricultural insect pests and also provide an environmentally friendly approach. For the rice pests including Rice Leaf Folder (RLF), several parasitoids tend to be natural enemies that could be used to control the pest from the egg stage to pupa. This study was conducted with two varieties of rice, namely “Sen Kra Oub” and “Sro Ngea” at Battambang Province of Cambodia. Parasitoid wasps were collected from egg to pupa stages of RLF and rice yellow stem borer by rearing method, and stored in 70% of alcohol solution before sending for identification in Vietnam’s Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) Laboratory. The outcomes revealed that five hymenopteran parasitic wasps of three different families were found, viz. Apanteles cypris Nixon, Bracon onukii Watanabe and Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti) (Braconidae), Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron (Ichneumonidae), and Telenomus rowani Gahan (Scelionidae) and being the primary parasitoids of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee; stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Pyralidae) and black branded swift Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae). Parasitism was not found at the vegetative phase with Sen Kra Ob varieties but in reproductive phase. parasitism proportion was 16.66% and 28.57% to 50% in ripening phase, different from Sro Ngea variety where a proportion was found in vegetative phase 27.27%, reproductive phase at 28.57% to 40% and 28.57% to 43% in ripening phase. All the hymenopteran parasitoids were initially recorded in Cambodia, whereby all the parasitoids were potential agents for biological control for important rice insect pests. The outcome of this research suggests that the Government should invest more in the research and development for biological control in Cambodia.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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  • TY  - JOUR
T1  - Composition of Parasitoid Wasps in Insect Pests of Rice (Rice Leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis Medinalis Guenée)

AU  - Khem Sokheng
AU  - Siek Darith
AU  - Try Yorn
AU  - Heng Muy Kim
AU  - Leng Channy
Y1  - 2024/08/15
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12
T2  - American Journal of Entomology
JF  - American Journal of Entomology
JO  - American Journal of Entomology
SP  - 68
EP  - 75
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-0537
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aje.20240803.12
AB  - Biological control is one aspect of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The method focusses on natural enemies; beneficial insects are applied for biological control of agricultural insect pests and also provide an environmentally friendly approach. For the rice pests including Rice Leaf Folder (RLF), several parasitoids tend to be natural enemies that could be used to control the pest from the egg stage to pupa. This study was conducted with two varieties of rice, namely “Sen Kra Oub” and “Sro Ngea” at Battambang Province of Cambodia. Parasitoid wasps were collected from egg to pupa stages of RLF and rice yellow stem borer by rearing method, and stored in 70% of alcohol solution before sending for identification in Vietnam’s Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) Laboratory. The outcomes revealed that five hymenopteran parasitic wasps of three different families were found, viz. Apanteles cypris Nixon, Bracon onukii Watanabe and Pentatermus striatus (Szepligeti) (Braconidae), Xanthopimla flavolineata Cameron (Ichneumonidae), and Telenomus rowani Gahan (Scelionidae) and being the primary parasitoids of rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee; stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Pyralidae) and black branded swift Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae). Parasitism was not found at the vegetative phase with Sen Kra Ob varieties but in reproductive phase. parasitism proportion was 16.66% and 28.57% to 50% in ripening phase, different from Sro Ngea variety where a proportion was found in vegetative phase 27.27%, reproductive phase at 28.57% to 40% and 28.57% to 43% in ripening phase. All the hymenopteran parasitoids were initially recorded in Cambodia, whereby all the parasitoids were potential agents for biological control for important rice insect pests. The outcome of this research suggests that the Government should invest more in the research and development for biological control in Cambodia.

VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

  • Khem Sokheng

    Regional Polytechnic Institute TechoSen Battambang, Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0001-3187-5008

  • Siek Darith

    Regional Polytechnic Institute TechoSen Battambang, Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

    Contact Email

    http://orcid.org/0009-0002-3423-633X

  • Try Yorn

    National Meanchey University, Serei Saophoan, Cambodia

  • Heng Muy Kim

    Faculty of Business Administration, Build Bright University, Serei Saophoan, Cambodia

  • Leng Channy

    Regional Polytechnic Institute TechoSen Battambang, Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

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